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PC

Intel x86 microarchitectures

x86 microarchitectures
Year Micro-<wbr />architecture Pipeline stages Max
clock
(MHz)
Process node
1978 8086 (8086, 8088) 2 5| rowspan=2 | 3 µm process nm| |-| | 1982| | Intel 80186 (80186, Intel 80188)| | 2| | 25| |-| | 1982| | Intel 80286 (80286)| | 3| | 25| | rowspan=2 | 1.5 µm process nm| |-| | 1985| | Intel 80386 (80386)| | 6| | 33| |-| | 1989| | Intel 80486 (80486)| | 5| | 100| | 1 µm process nm| |-| | 1993| | P5 (microarchitecture) (Pentium)| | 5| | 200| | 800 nm process, 600 nm process, 350 nm process nm| |-| | 1995| | P6 (microarchitecture) (Pentium Pro, Pentium II)| | 14 (17 with load & store/retire)| | 450| | 600 nm process, 350, 250 nm process nm| |-| | 1997| | P5 (microarchitecture) (Pentium MMX)| | 6| | 233| | 350 nm| |-| | 1999| | P6 (microarchitecture)#From Pentium Pro to Pentium III (Pentium III)| | 12 (15 with load & store/retire)| | 1400| | 250, 180 nm process, 130 nm process nm| |-| | 2000| | NetBurst (Pentium 4)(Willamette)| | rowspan=2 | 20 unified with branch prediction| | 2000| | 180 nm| |-| |2002| |NetBurst (Pentium 4)(Northwood, Gallatin)| |3466| |130 nm| |-| | 2003| | Pentium M (microarchitecture) (Banias, Dothan)Enhanced Pentium M (microarchitecture) (Yonah)| | 10 (12 with fetch/retire)| | 2333| |130, 90 nm process, 65 nm process nm| |-| | 2004| | NetBurst (Pentium 4, Pentium D)(NetBurst#Revisions)| | 31 unified with branch prediction| | 3800| | 90, 65 nm| |-| | 2006| | Intel Core (microarchitecture)| | rowspan=2 | 12 (14 with fetch/retire)| | 3000| | 65 nm| |-| | 2007| | Penryn (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 3333| | rowspan=3 | 45 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2008| | Nehalem (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified (14 without miss prediction)| | 3600| |-| | Bonnell (microarchitecture)| | 16 (20 with prediction miss)| | 2100| |-| | 2010| | Westmere (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 20 unified (14 without miss prediction)| | 3866| | rowspan=3 | 32 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2011| | Saltwell (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 16 (20 with prediction miss)| | 2130| |-| | Sandy Bridge| | rowspan=2 | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 4000| |-| | 2012| | Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 4100| | rowspan=3 | 22 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2013| | Silvermont| | 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)| | 2670| |-| | Haswell (microarchitecture)| | rowspan=2 | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 4400| |-| | 2014| | Broadwell (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 3700| | rowspan=5 | 14 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2015| | Airmont (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)| | 2640| |-| | Skylake (microarchitecture)| | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 5200| |-| | 2016| | Goldmont| | 20 unified with branch prediction| | 2600| |-| | 2017| | Goldmont Plus| | 20 unified with branch prediction (?)| | 2800| |-| | 2018| | Cannon Lake (microprocessor)| | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 3200| | rowspan=4 | 10 nm process nm| |-| | 2019| | Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)| | 14–20 (misprediction)| | 4100| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2020| | Tremont (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified | |3300| |-| | Willow Cove| | 14 unified | |5300| |-| | rowspan=3 | 2021| | Cypress Cove (microarchitecture) | | 14 unified | | 5300| | 14 nm process nm| |-| | Golden Cove | | 12 unified| | 5500| | rowspan=3 | 7 nm process| |-| | Gracemont (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified with misprediction penalty | | 4300| |-| | 2022| | Raptor Cove| | 12 unified| | 6000| |-| | rowspan=2 |2023| |Redwood Cove (microarchitecture)| || || | rowspan=2 |5 nm process| |-| | Crestmont (microarchitecture)| || || |-| |! colspan=5 |Note: Atom/Power efficient microarchitectures are in Italic| |}|

===== Roadmap =====

+Pentium 4 / Core roadmap
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! colspan=«5»
-
! Desktop
! Mobile
! Enthusiast
/WS
! 2P
Server/WS
! 4P/8P
Server
-
180 nm
rowspan=«4»
Willamette
colspan=«2» rowspan=«3»
2000-11-20
Willamette
colspan=«2»
Foster
Foster MP
-
130 nm
Northwood/
Mobile Pentium 4
Banias
2002-01-07
Northwood
Northwood Mobile
Banias
Northwood-XE
Prestonia
Gallatin
Gallatin
-
90 nm
Prescott
Dothan
2004-02-01
Prescott
Smithfield
Dothan
Prescott 2M-XE
Smithfield-XE
Nocona
Irwindale
Paxville
Potomac
Cranford
Paxville
-
rowspan=«2»
Cedar Mill
Yonah
Presler
Core
(Yonah only)
rowspan=«3»
2006-01-05
Cedar Mill
Presler
Yonah
Presler-XE
Dempsey
Sossaman
Tulsa
-
rowspan=«2»
Merom
rowspan=«2»
2006-07-27
Conroe
Merom
Kentsfield
Woodcrest
Clovertown
Tigerton
-
rowspan=«2»
Penryn
2007-11-11
Wolfdale
Penryn
Yorkfield
Harpertown
Dunnington
-
rowspan=«2»
Nehalem
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«7»
2008-11-17
Lynnfield
Clarksfield
Bloomfield
Gainestown
Beckton
-
rowspan=«2»
Westmere
2010-01-04
Clarkdale
Arrandale
Gulftown
Westmere-EP
Westmere-EX
-
rowspan=«2»
Sandy Bridge
2 (Core i)
2011-01-09
Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge-M
Sandy Bridge-E
Sandy Bridge-EP
-
-
rowspan=«3»
Ivy Bridge
3
2012-04-29
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge-M
Ivy Bridge-E
Ivy Bridge-EP
Ivy Bridge-EX
-
rowspan=«3»
Haswell
rowspan=«2»
2013-06-02
Haswell-DT
Haswell-MB
Haswell-H
Haswell-ULP/ULX
Haswell-E
Haswell-EP
Haswell-EX
-
Devil's Canyon
2014-06
Haswell-DT
colspan=«4»
-
rowspan=«10»
Broadwell
5
2014-09-05
Broadwell-DT
Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Broadwell-E
Broadwell-EP
Broadwell-EX
-
rowspan=«8»
Skylake
6
1
2015-08-05
Skylake-S
Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Skylake-X
Skylake-W
colspan=«2»
-
Kaby Lake
7 / 8
rowspan=«2»
2016-10
Kaby Lake-S
Kaby Lake-G
Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake-X
<ref name=«auto» />
colspan=«2» rowspan=«2»
-
Coffee Lake
8 / 9
2017-10
Coffee Lake-S
Coffee Lake-B
Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Coffee Lake-W
-
Whiske Lake
8
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
Whiskey Lake-U
colspan=«3» rowspan=«2»
-
Amber Lake
8 / 10
Amber Lake-Y
-
Cascade Lake
-
2
2019-04-02
colspan=«2»
Cascade Lake-X
Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-SP
colspan=«2»
-
Comet Lake
10
-
2019-09
Comet Lake-S
Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Comet Lake-W
colspan=«2»
-
Cooper Lake
-
3
2020-06
colspan=«4»
Cooper Lake-SP
-
Cypress Cove
Rocket Lake
11
-
2021-03
Rocket Lake-S
-
Rocket Lake
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«3»
Palm Cove
Cannon Lake
8
-
2018-05
rowspan=«3»
Cannon Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Sunny Cove
Ice Lake
10
3
2019-09 (mobile)
2021-04 (server)
Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-W
Ice Lake-SP
-
-
Willow Cove
Tiger Lake
11
rowspan=«2»
2020-09
Tiger Lake-H
Tiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
colspan=«3» rowspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«4»
rowspan=«2»
Alder Lake
(hybrid)
12
2021-11-04
Alder Lake-S
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
-
Sapphire Rapids
-
4
2023-01-10
colspan=«2»
Sapphire Rapids-WS
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«2»
Raptor Lake
13 / 14
-
2022-10-20
Raptor Lake-S
Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Emerald Rapids
-
5
2023-12-14
colspan=«2»
TBA
colspan=«2»
-
Intel 4
Redwood Cove
Meteor Lake
Core Ultra
Series 1
-
2023-12-14
N/A
Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Intel 3
rowspan=«4»
Granite Rapids
-
6
2024
colspan=«2»
TBA
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«2»
Arrow Lake
rowspan=«3»
rowspan=«3»
2024
colspan=«2»
colspan=«3» rowspan=«3»
-
Lunar Lake
2024
N/A
TBA
-
Intel 18A
Panther Lake
2025
colspan=«2»
-
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! Desktop
! Mobile
! Enthusiast
/WS
! 2P
Server/WS
! 4P/8P
Server
-
! colspan=«5»
}

===== Atom lines ===== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors

+Atom roadmap
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! colspan=«8»
-
! Mobile Internet device
MID, smartphone
! Tablet
! Netbook
! Nettop
! Embedded
! Server
! Communication
! Consumer Electronics, CE
-
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
2008
Silverthorne
-
colspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
Sodaville
-
2010
colspan=«2»
colspan=«2»
Groveland
-
32 nm
Saltwell
2011
Medfield (Penwell & Lexington),
Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)
Clover Trail (Cloverview)
colspan=«2»
-
Centerton & Briarwood
-
Berryville
-
22 nm
Silvermont
2013
Merrifield (Tangier)
Bay Trail-T
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview)
Avoton
Rangeley
-
-
rowspan=«3»
Airmont
2014
Binghamton & Riverton
Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)
colspan=«3»
Denverton
-
-
-
Goldmont
2016
Broxton
Willow Trail
Apollo Lake
colspan=«3»
Denverton
-
-
-
Goldmont Plus
2017
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
10 nm
Tremont
2020
-
Lakefield (hybrid)
colspan=«3»
Jacobsville
Parker Ridge
-
-
-
Intel 7
Gracemont
2021
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
Intel 4
Crestmont
2023
-
-
colspan=«3»
Grand Ridge
-
-
-
Intel 3
Crestmont
2024
-
-
-
-
-
Sierra Forest-AP
-
-
-
Intel 20A
Skymont
2024
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
Intel 18A
Darkmont
2025
-
-
-
-
-
Clearwater Forest-AP
-
-
}

==== Tremont-Embedded-Elkhart Lake ==== List of embedded processors as follows: Products formerly Elkhart Lake

Target
segment
Cores
(threads)
Processor
branding & model
TA PSE IHS IBECC Part Name GPU
model
TDP CPU clock rate
base
CPU clock rate
turbo
Graphics clock rate
base
Graphics clock rate
turbo
Memory
PC Client 4 Celeron 0…70 + - - J6413 UHD Graphics 16 EU 10 W 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 400 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
PC Client 4 Celeron 0…70 - - - J6412 UHD Graphics 16 EU 10 W 2.0 GHz 2.6 GHz 400 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
PC Client 4 Pentium 0…70 + - - J6426 UHD Graphics 32 EU 10 W 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 400 MHz 850 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
PC Client 2 Celeron 0…70 + - - N6211 UHD Graphics 16 EU 6.5 W 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 250 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
PC/Client/Tablet 2 Celeron 0…70 - - - N6210 UHD Graphics 16 EU 6.5 W 1.2 GHz 2.6 GHz 250 NHz 750 NHz
PC Client 4 Pentium 0…70 + - - N6415 UHD Graphics 16 EU 6.5 W 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 350 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Embedded 2 Atom -40…85 + + + x6211E UHD Graphics 16 EU 6 W 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 350 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Embedded 4 Atom -40…85 + + + x6413E UHD Graphics 16 EU 9 W 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 500 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Embedded 4 Atom -40…85 + + + x6425E UHD Graphics 32 EU 12 W 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 500 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Industrial 2 Atom -40…85 + + + x6212RE UHD Graphics 16 EU 6 W 1.2 GHz - 350 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Industrial 4 Atom -40…85 + + + x6414RE UHD Graphics 16 EU 9 W 1.5 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Industrial 4 Atom -40…85 + + + x6425RE UHD Graphics 32 EU 12 W 1.9 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FuSa Industrial 4 Atom -40…85 + + + x6427FE UHD Graphics 32 EU 12 W 1.9 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FuSa Industrial 2 Atom -40…85 + + + x6200FE - - 4.5 W 1.0 GHz - - - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
Industrial 4 Atom -40…85 x6416RE UHD Graphics 16 EU 9 W 1.7 GHz - 450 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-3200
2 × DDR4-3200
Industrial 2 Atom -40…85 x6214RE UHD Graphics 16 EU 6 W 1.4 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-3200
2 × DDR4-3200

===== Motherboards =====

x13dai-t | page | datasheet |

===== Desktop processors =====

Codename Desktop Name Socket Name Gen
SKL Sky Lake LGA 1151
LGA 2066
LGA 3647
6
KBL Kaby Lake LGA 1151
LGA 2066
7
CFL Coffe Lake LGA 1151 8
CFL Coffe Lake Refresh LGA 1151 9
CML Comet Lake LGA 1200 10
RKL Rocket Lake LGA 1200 11
ADL Alder Lake LGA 1700 12
RPL Raptor Lake LGA 1700 13

===== PCH =====

===== Embedded controller ===== https://github.com/intel/ecfw-zephyr

===== BIOS ===== https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/moving-from-common-sense-knowledge-about-uefi-to-actually-dumping-uefi-firmware/

https://malware.news/t/moving-from-manual-reverse-engineering-of-uefi-modules-to-dynamic-emulation-of-uefi-firmware/43799

https://edk2-docs.gitbook.io/edk-ii-uefi-driver-writer-s-guide/

https://github.com/LongSoft/UEFITool

https://github.com/LongSoft/UEFITool/blob/new_engine/common/guids.csv

https://github.com/theopolis/uefi-firmware-parser

https://github.com/erocarrera/pefile

https://formats.kaitai.io/uefi_te/python.html

https://github.com/intel/FSP

===== DEBUG ===== https://github.com/ptresearch/IntelTXE-PoC/blob/master/README.md

http://standa-note.blogspot.com/2021/03/debugging-system-with-dci-and-windbg.html

===== APIC ===== https://wiki.osdev.org/APIC

Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual

Volume 1: Basic Architecture | Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-L | Volume 2B: Instruction Set Reference, M-U | Volume 2C: Instruction Set Reference, V | Volume 2D:Instruction Set Reference, W-Z | Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1 | Volume 3B: System Programming Guide, Part 2 | Volume 3C: System Programming Guide, Part 3 | Volume 3D: System Programming Guide, Part 4 | Volume 4: Model-Specific Registers | MultiProcessor Specification |

===== Acronyms ===== https://doc.coreboot.org/acronyms.html

Authenticated Code Modules | | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html | Advanced Configuration and Power Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI | After life | UEFI boot phase | | Active Management Technology | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology | Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller | Advanced RISC Machines | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family | Boot Device Selection | UEFI boot phase | | Boot Firmware Volume | UEFI | | Basic Input/Output System | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS | Best Known Configuration | | | Baseboard management controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller | Balanced Technology Extended Interface | intel | | Cache-as-RAM | | | coreboot file system | coreboot | | Intel® Clock Commander | Tool found in BKC Intel® CSME kit | | | | | Central processing unit | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit | Converged Security and Management Engine | intel | | Direct Media Interface | intel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface | digital thermal sensors | | | The Driver Execution Environment | UEFI boot phase | | Embedded controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_controller | End-of-POST | Message | | Flexible Display Interface | intel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_Display_Interface | Firmware File System | UEFI | | Intel® Flash Image Tool | intel | | firmware volume | UEFI | | | | | Globally Unique Identifier | | | Host Embedded Controller Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface | Human interface device | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device | | intel HLK Validation | | Hand-Off Block | | | High Speed Input/Output | | | Initial Boot Block | coreboot | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/txt_ibb.html | I/O Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub | Independent Loading Mechanism | intel mb | | Intel Online Connect | | | Instructions per cycle | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle | Interrupt request | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_(PC_architecture) | interrupt and timer subsystem | | | Keepout Zones | intel mb | | | | | Intel Management Engine | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine | Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture | Memory management unit | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit | On Package DMI interconnect Interface | | | Platform Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub | Platform Component List | intel | | Intel® Platform Configuration Tool | | | Power Delivery | | | Portable Executable | file format | | Platform Environment Control Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Environment_Control_Interface | The Pre-EFI Initialization | UEFI boot phase | | Pre-EFI Initialization Module | UEFI | | | | | Power Management Controller | intel | | PEIM-to-PEIM Interface | UEFI | | Production Version | | | runtime | UEFI boot phase | | System Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Controller_Hub | Security phase | | | Stock Keeping Unit | common | | Serial Peripheral Interface | common | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface | Terse Executable | UEFI file format is a stripped-down version of the PE format | https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/PI_Spec_1_6.pdf | Trusted Platform Module | | | Transient System Load | UEFI boot phase | | Intel Trusted Execution Technology | | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/txt.html | Unified Extensible Firmware Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI | Intel® Validation Internet Portal | | |

wiki/pc/start.1712240076.txt.gz · Последнее изменение: Roman Abakumov