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Intel x86 microarchitectures

x86 microarchitectures
Year Micro-<wbr />architecture Pipeline stages Max
clock
(MHz)
Process node
1978 8086 (8086, 8088) 2 5| rowspan=2 | 3 µm process nm| |-| | 1982| | Intel 80186 (80186, Intel 80188)| | 2| | 25| |-| | 1982| | Intel 80286 (80286)| | 3| | 25| | rowspan=2 | 1.5 µm process nm| |-| | 1985| | Intel 80386 (80386)| | 6| | 33| |-| | 1989| | Intel 80486 (80486)| | 5| | 100| | 1 µm process nm| |-| | 1993| | P5 (microarchitecture) (Pentium)| | 5| | 200| | 800 nm process, 600 nm process, 350 nm process nm| |-| | 1995| | P6 (microarchitecture) (Pentium Pro, Pentium II)| | 14 (17 with load & store/retire)| | 450| | 600 nm process, 350, 250 nm process nm| |-| | 1997| | P5 (microarchitecture) (Pentium MMX)| | 6| | 233| | 350 nm| |-| | 1999| | P6 (microarchitecture)#From Pentium Pro to Pentium III (Pentium III)| | 12 (15 with load & store/retire)| | 1400| | 250, 180 nm process, 130 nm process nm| |-| | 2000| | NetBurst (Pentium 4)(Willamette)| | rowspan=2 | 20 unified with branch prediction| | 2000| | 180 nm| |-| |2002| |NetBurst (Pentium 4)(Northwood, Gallatin)| |3466| |130 nm| |-| | 2003| | Pentium M (microarchitecture) (Banias, Dothan)Enhanced Pentium M (microarchitecture) (Yonah)| | 10 (12 with fetch/retire)| | 2333| |130, 90 nm process, 65 nm process nm| |-| | 2004| | NetBurst (Pentium 4, Pentium D)(NetBurst#Revisions)| | 31 unified with branch prediction| | 3800| | 90, 65 nm| |-| | 2006| | Intel Core (microarchitecture)| | rowspan=2 | 12 (14 with fetch/retire)| | 3000| | 65 nm| |-| | 2007| | Penryn (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 3333| | rowspan=3 | 45 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2008| | Nehalem (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified (14 without miss prediction)| | 3600| |-| | Bonnell (microarchitecture)| | 16 (20 with prediction miss)| | 2100| |-| | 2010| | Westmere (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 20 unified (14 without miss prediction)| | 3866| | rowspan=3 | 32 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2011| | Saltwell (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 16 (20 with prediction miss)| | 2130| |-| | Sandy Bridge| | rowspan=2 | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 4000| |-| | 2012| | Ivy Bridge (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 4100| | rowspan=3 | 22 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2013| | Silvermont| | 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)| | 2670| |-| | Haswell (microarchitecture)| | rowspan=2 | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 4400| |-| | 2014| | Broadwell (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 3700| | rowspan=5 | 14 nm process nm| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2015| | Airmont (microarchitecture) (die shrink)| | 14–17 (16–19 with fetch/retire)| | 2640| |-| | Skylake (microarchitecture)| | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 5200| |-| | 2016| | Goldmont| | 20 unified with branch prediction| | 2600| |-| | 2017| | Goldmont Plus| | 20 unified with branch prediction (?)| | 2800| |-| | 2018| | Cannon Lake (microprocessor)| | 14 (16 with fetch/retire)| | 3200| | rowspan=4 | 10 nm process nm| |-| | 2019| | Sunny Cove (microarchitecture)| | 14–20 (misprediction)| | 4100| |-| | rowspan=2 | 2020| | Tremont (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified | |3300| |-| | Willow Cove| | 14 unified | |5300| |-| | rowspan=3 | 2021| | Cypress Cove (microarchitecture) | | 14 unified | | 5300| | 14 nm process nm| |-| | Golden Cove | | 12 unified| | 5500| | rowspan=3 | 7 nm process| |-| | Gracemont (microarchitecture)| | 20 unified with misprediction penalty | | 4300| |-| | 2022| | Raptor Cove| | 12 unified| | 6000| |-| | rowspan=2 |2023| |Redwood Cove (microarchitecture)| || || | rowspan=2 |5 nm process| |-| | Crestmont (microarchitecture)| || || |-| |! colspan=5 |Note: Atom/Power efficient microarchitectures are in Italic| |}|

===== Roadmap =====

+Pentium 4 / Core roadmap
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! colspan=«5»
-
! Desktop
! Mobile
! Enthusiast
/WS
! 2P
Server/WS
! 4P/8P
Server
-
180 nm
rowspan=«4»
Willamette
colspan=«2» rowspan=«3»
2000-11-20
Willamette
colspan=«2»
Foster
Foster MP
-
130 nm
Northwood/
Mobile Pentium 4
Banias
2002-01-07
Northwood
Northwood Mobile
Banias
Northwood-XE
Prestonia
Gallatin
Gallatin
-
90 nm
Prescott
Dothan
2004-02-01
Prescott
Smithfield
Dothan
Prescott 2M-XE
Smithfield-XE
Nocona
Irwindale
Paxville
Potomac
Cranford
Paxville
-
rowspan=«2»
Cedar Mill
Yonah
Presler
Core
(Yonah only)
rowspan=«3»
2006-01-05
Cedar Mill
Presler
Yonah
Presler-XE
Dempsey
Sossaman
Tulsa
-
rowspan=«2»
Merom
rowspan=«2»
2006-07-27
Conroe
Merom
Kentsfield
Woodcrest
Clovertown
Tigerton
-
rowspan=«2»
Penryn
2007-11-11
Wolfdale
Penryn
Yorkfield
Harpertown
Dunnington
-
rowspan=«2»
Nehalem
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«7»
2008-11-17
Lynnfield
Clarksfield
Bloomfield
Gainestown
Beckton
-
rowspan=«2»
Westmere
2010-01-04
Clarkdale
Arrandale
Gulftown
Westmere-EP
Westmere-EX
-
rowspan=«2»
Sandy Bridge
2 (Core i)
2011-01-09
Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge-M
Sandy Bridge-E
Sandy Bridge-EP
-
-
rowspan=«3»
Ivy Bridge
3
2012-04-29
Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge-M
Ivy Bridge-E
Ivy Bridge-EP
Ivy Bridge-EX
-
rowspan=«3»
Haswell
rowspan=«2»
2013-06-02
Haswell-DT
Haswell-MB
Haswell-H
Haswell-ULP/ULX
Haswell-E
Haswell-EP
Haswell-EX
-
Devil's Canyon
2014-06
Haswell-DT
colspan=«4»
-
rowspan=«10»
Broadwell
5
2014-09-05
Broadwell-DT
Broadwell-H
Broadwell-U
Broadwell-Y
Broadwell-E
Broadwell-EP
Broadwell-EX
-
rowspan=«8»
Skylake
6
1
2015-08-05
Skylake-S
Skylake-H
Skylake-U
Skylake-Y
Skylake-X
Skylake-W
colspan=«2»
-
Kaby Lake
7 / 8
rowspan=«2»
2016-10
Kaby Lake-S
Kaby Lake-G
Kaby Lake-H
Kaby Lake-U
Kaby Lake-Y
Kaby Lake-X
<ref name=«auto» />
colspan=«2» rowspan=«2»
-
Coffee Lake
8 / 9
2017-10
Coffee Lake-S
Coffee Lake-B
Coffee Lake-H
Coffee Lake-U
Coffee Lake-W
-
Whiske Lake
8
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
Whiskey Lake-U
colspan=«3» rowspan=«2»
-
Amber Lake
8 / 10
Amber Lake-Y
-
Cascade Lake
-
2
2019-04-02
colspan=«2»
Cascade Lake-X
Cascade Lake-W
Cascade Lake-SP
colspan=«2»
-
Comet Lake
10
-
2019-09
Comet Lake-S
Comet Lake-H
Comet Lake-U
Comet Lake-W
colspan=«2»
-
Cooper Lake
-
3
2020-06
colspan=«4»
Cooper Lake-SP
-
Cypress Cove
Rocket Lake
11
-
2021-03
Rocket Lake-S
-
Rocket Lake
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«3»
Palm Cove
Cannon Lake
8
-
2018-05
rowspan=«3»
Cannon Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Sunny Cove
Ice Lake
10
3
2019-09 (mobile)
2021-04 (server)
Ice Lake-U
Ice Lake-W
Ice Lake-SP
-
-
Willow Cove
Tiger Lake
11
rowspan=«2»
2020-09
Tiger Lake-H
Tiger Lake-H35
Tiger Lake-UP3
Tiger Lake-UP4
colspan=«3» rowspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«4»
rowspan=«2»
Alder Lake
(hybrid)
12
2021-11-04
Alder Lake-S
Alder Lake-H
Alder Lake-P
Alder Lake-U
-
Sapphire Rapids
-
4
2023-01-10
colspan=«2»
Sapphire Rapids-WS
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«2»
Raptor Lake
13 / 14
-
2022-10-20
Raptor Lake-S
Raptor Lake-HX
Raptor Lake-H
Raptor Lake-P
Raptor Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Emerald Rapids
-
5
2023-12-14
colspan=«2»
TBA
colspan=«2»
-
Intel 4
Redwood Cove
Meteor Lake
Core Ultra
Series 1
-
2023-12-14
N/A
Meteor Lake-H
Meteor Lake-U
colspan=«3»
-
Intel 3
rowspan=«4»
Granite Rapids
-
6
2024
colspan=«2»
TBA
colspan=«2»
-
rowspan=«2»
Arrow Lake
rowspan=«3»
rowspan=«3»
2024
colspan=«2»
colspan=«3» rowspan=«3»
-
Lunar Lake
2024
N/A
TBA
-
Intel 18A
Panther Lake
2025
colspan=«2»
-
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! Desktop
! Mobile
! Enthusiast
/WS
! 2P
Server/WS
! 4P/8P
Server
-
! colspan=«5»
}

===== Atom lines ===== https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Intel_Atom_processors

+Atom roadmap
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! rowspan=«2»
! colspan=«8»
-
! Mobile Internet device
MID, smartphone
! Tablet
! Netbook
! Nettop
! Embedded
! Server
! Communication
! Consumer Electronics, CE
-
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
2008
Silverthorne
-
colspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
rowspan=«2»
Sodaville
-
2010
colspan=«2»
colspan=«2»
Groveland
-
32 nm
Saltwell
2011
Medfield (Penwell & Lexington),
Clover Trail+ (Cloverview)
Clover Trail (Cloverview)
colspan=«2»
-
Centerton & Briarwood
-
Berryville
-
22 nm
Silvermont
2013
Merrifield (Tangier)
Bay Trail-T
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-M
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-D
(Valleyview)
Bay Trail-I
(Valleyview)
Avoton
Rangeley
-
-
rowspan=«3»
Airmont
2014
Binghamton & Riverton
Cherry Trail-T (Cherryview)
colspan=«3»
Denverton
-
-
-
Goldmont
2016
Broxton
Willow Trail
Apollo Lake
colspan=«3»
Denverton
-
-
-
Goldmont Plus
2017
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
10 nm
Tremont
2020
-
Lakefield (hybrid)
colspan=«3»
Jacobsville
Parker Ridge
-
-
-
Intel 7
Gracemont
2021
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
Intel 4
Crestmont
2023
-
-
colspan=«3»
Grand Ridge
-
-
-
Intel 3
Crestmont
2024
-
-
-
-
-
Sierra Forest-AP
-
-
-
Intel 20A
Skymont
2024
-
-
colspan=«3»
-
-
-
-
Intel 18A
Darkmont
2025
-
-
-
-
-
Clearwater Forest-AP
-
-
}

==== Tremont-Embedded-Elkhart Lake ==== List of embedded processors as follows: Products formerly Elkhart Lake

Part Name RCP,$ Price Cores
(threads)
TDP Processor
branding & model
TA PSE IHS IBECC TCC Target
segment
GPU
model
CPU clock rate
base
CPU clock rate
turbo
Graphics clock rate
base
Graphics clock rate
turbo
Memory Ordering Code
J6413 64 66.4 4 10 W Celeron 0…70 + - - - PC Client UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 400 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190822
J6412 64 57.8 4 10 W Celeron 0…70 - - - - PC Client UHD Graphics 16 EU 2.0 GHz 2.6 GHz 400 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190881
J6426 96 4 10 W Pentium 0…70 + - - - PC Client UHD Graphics 32 EU 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 400 MHz 850 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190882
N6211 64 2 6.5 W Celeron 0…70 + - - - PC Client UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 250 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190819
N6210 64 52 2 6.5 W Celeron 0…70 - - - - PC/Client/Tablet UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.2 GHz 2.6 GHz 250 NHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-3200
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190883
N6415 96 102.5 4 6.5 W Pentium 0…70 + - - - PC Client UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 350 MHz 800 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
DC8070304190820
x6211E 42 66.5 2 6 W Atom -40…85 + + + - Embedded UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.2 GHz 3.0 GHz 350 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304243807
x6413E 51 75 4 9 W Atom -40…85 + + + - Embedded UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.5 GHz 3.0 GHz 500 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304243865
x6425E 67 99.7 4 12 W Atom -40…85 + + + - Embedded UHD Graphics 32 EU 1.8 GHz 3.0 GHz 500 MHz 750 MHz 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304243808
x6212RE 45 2 6 W Atom -40…85 + + + + Industrial UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.2 GHz - 350 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304243808
x6214RE 47 2 6 W Atom -40…85 + + + + Industrial UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.4 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-3200
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289531
x6414RE 55 4 9 W Atom -40…85 + + + + Industrial UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.5 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289591
x6416RE 63 4 9 W Atom -40…85 + + + + Industrial UHD Graphics 16 EU 1.7 GHz - 450 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-3200
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289532
x6425RE 71 4 12 W Atom -40…85 + + + + Industrial UHD Graphics 32 EU 1.9 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289558
x6427FE 83 4 12 W Atom -40…85 + + + + FuSa Industrial UHD Graphics 32 EU 1.9 GHz - 400 MHz - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289690
x6200FE 45 2 4.5 W Atom -40…85 + + + + FuSa Industrial - - 1.0 GHz - - - 4 × LPDDR4X-4267
2 × DDR4-3200
FH8070304289582

===== Motherboards =====

x13dai-t | page | datasheet |

===== Desktop processors =====

Codename Desktop Name Socket Name Gen
SKL Sky Lake LGA 1151
LGA 2066
LGA 3647
6
KBL Kaby Lake LGA 1151
LGA 2066
7
CFL Coffe Lake LGA 1151 8
CFL Coffe Lake Refresh LGA 1151 9
CML Comet Lake LGA 1200 10
RKL Rocket Lake LGA 1200 11
ADL Alder Lake LGA 1700 12
RPL Raptor Lake LGA 1700 13
MTL Meteor Lake

===== PCH =====

===== Embedded controller ===== https://github.com/intel/ecfw-zephyr

===== BIOS ===== https://www.sentinelone.com/labs/moving-from-common-sense-knowledge-about-uefi-to-actually-dumping-uefi-firmware/

https://malware.news/t/moving-from-manual-reverse-engineering-of-uefi-modules-to-dynamic-emulation-of-uefi-firmware/43799

https://edk2-docs.gitbook.io/edk-ii-uefi-driver-writer-s-guide/

https://github.com/LongSoft/UEFITool

https://github.com/LongSoft/UEFITool/blob/new_engine/common/guids.csv

https://github.com/theopolis/uefi-firmware-parser

https://github.com/erocarrera/pefile

https://formats.kaitai.io/uefi_te/python.html

https://github.com/intel/FSP

===== ME ===== https://github.com/platomav/MEAnalyzer/

https://comsystem-tlt.ru/obzori/me-txe-region

https://winraid.level1techs.com/t/intel-cs-management-engine-drivers-firmware-and-tools-2-15/30719 ===== DEBUG ===== https://github.com/ptresearch/IntelTXE-PoC/blob/master/README.md

http://standa-note.blogspot.com/2021/03/debugging-system-with-dci-and-windbg.html

===== APIC ===== https://wiki.osdev.org/APIC

Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual

Volume 1: Basic Architecture | Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-L | Volume 2B: Instruction Set Reference, M-U | Volume 2C: Instruction Set Reference, V | Volume 2D:Instruction Set Reference, W-Z | Volume 3A: System Programming Guide, Part 1 | Volume 3B: System Programming Guide, Part 2 | Volume 3C: System Programming Guide, Part 3 | Volume 3D: System Programming Guide, Part 4 | Volume 4: Model-Specific Registers | MultiProcessor Specification |

===== Acronyms ===== https://doc.coreboot.org/acronyms.html

Authenticated Code Modules | | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/acm.html | Advanced Configuration and Power Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACPI | After life | UEFI boot phase | | Active Management Technology | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Active_Management_Technology | Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller | Advanced RISC Machines | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture_family | Boot Device Selection | UEFI boot phase | | Boot Firmware Volume | UEFI | | Basic Input/Output System | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS | Best Known Configuration | | | Baseboard management controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligent_Platform_Management_Interface#Baseboard_management_controller | Balanced Technology Extended Interface | intel | | Cache-as-RAM | | | coreboot file system | coreboot | | Intel® Clock Commander | Tool found in BKC Intel® CSME kit | | | | | Central processing unit | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit | Converged Security and Management Engine | intel | | Direct Media Interface | intel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Media_Interface | digital thermal sensors | | | The Driver Execution Environment | UEFI boot phase | | Embedded controller | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_controller | End-of-POST | Message | | Flexible Display Interface | intel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_Display_Interface | Firmware File System | UEFI | | Intel® Flash Image Tool | intel | | firmware volume | UEFI | | | | | Globally Unique Identifier | | | Host Embedded Controller Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Embedded_Controller_Interface | Human interface device | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_interface_device | | intel HLK Validation | | Hand-Off Block | | | High Speed Input/Output | | | Initial Boot Block | coreboot | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/txt_ibb.html | I/O Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I/O_Controller_Hub | Independent Loading Mechanism | intel mb | | Intel Online Connect | | | Instructions per cycle | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_per_cycle | Interrupt request | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request_(PC_architecture) | interrupt and timer subsystem | | | Keepout Zones | intel mb | | | | | Intel Management Engine | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Management_Engine | Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipelined Stages | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture | Memory management unit | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_unit | On Package DMI interconnect Interface | | | Platform Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Controller_Hub | Platform Component List | intel | | Intel® Platform Configuration Tool | | | Power Delivery | | | Portable Executable | file format | | Platform Environment Control Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_Environment_Control_Interface | The Pre-EFI Initialization | UEFI boot phase | | Pre-EFI Initialization Module | UEFI | | | | | Power Management Controller | intel | | PEIM-to-PEIM Interface | UEFI | | Production Version | | | runtime | UEFI boot phase | | System Controller Hub | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_Controller_Hub | Security phase | | | Stock Keeping Unit | common | | Serial Peripheral Interface | common | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface | Terse Executable | UEFI file format is a stripped-down version of the PE format | https://uefi.org/sites/default/files/resources/PI_Spec_1_6.pdf | Trusted Platform Module | | | Transient System Load | UEFI boot phase | | Intel Trusted Execution Technology | | https://doc.coreboot.org/security/intel/txt.html | Unified Extensible Firmware Interface | | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFI | Intel® Validation Internet Portal | | |

wiki/pc/start.txt · Последнее изменение: Roman Abakumov